The Mental Status of a Mother While She Is Pregnant

PREGNANCY AND PSYCHIATRY Introduction: The mental status of the mother while she is pregnant and while she is postpartum is very important for the welfare of both child and the mother. In this chapter we tend to discuss different psychiatric problems that mothers encounter during pregnancy and after delivery of the child. In the second part we tend to list various psychotropic medications that can lead to fetal harm. Diseases POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS Postpartum psychosis (or puerperal psychosis) is defined as symptom of psychosis which occurs suddenly flowing childbirth. . The episode of psychosis usually begins within 1 to 3 months of delivery of the child. EPIDEMIOLOGY †¢ There is a world-wide prevalence. †¢ Its incidence is less than 1 in 1000 deliveries. †¢ It is more common in primi-gravid mothers. CAUSES †¢ Molecular genetic studies suggest a specific heritable factor. Evidence of linkage to chromosome 16 has been implicated. SYMPTOMS †¢ Manic symptoms: Euphoric Mood, loud clothing. †¢ Disorganized speech, Delusions, Violence, irritability, Thought symptoms †¢ auditory hallucinations †¢ Mutism †¢ extreme fear †¢ negligence towards child †¢ Harming attitude towards child Prognosis †¢ Deprived of treatment, these symptoms can last for several months but with treatment these symptoms usually improve within a few weeks. †¢ Some women may have a relapse. †¢ Mothers who suffer such episode have increased risk of developing other manic depressive episodes. †¢ Suicide is rare andShow MoreRelatedThe Movie Juno Is Not Only Cute And Quirky1698 Words   |  7 Pagesprotagonist Juno Macguff discovering that she is pregnant after an off beat one night stand with her friend Paulie Bleeker (Malkovich, Halfon, Novick, Smith, Reitman, 2007). 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Life of Pi Free Essays

Name- Htet Hlaing Hmee ( 1207C20609 ) Period- 1 Life of Pi Novel Proposal Theme- The Nature of Suffering Argument A Point 1- Pi can’t imagine a God who suffers Quotation- â€Å"This son, on the other hand, who goes hungry, who suffers from thirst, who gets tired, who is sad, who is anxious, who is heckled and harassed† ( 91 ) Point 2 – Pi stops when he’s working out the immediate detail of survival. Quotation – â€Å"I was either fixed on practical details of immediate survival or transfixed by pain, weeping silently, my mouth open and my hands at my head. † (169) Point 3- The worst night of his life Quotation- â€Å"It is pointless to say that this or that night was the worst of my life. We will write a custom essay sample on Life of Pi or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have so many bad nights to choose from that I’ve made none the champion. Still, that second night at sea stands in my memory as one of exceptional suffering† ( 188 ) Argument B Point 1- Suffering grief becomes carnivorous Quotation- â€Å"They were dead; I could no longer deny it. What a thing to acknowledge in your heart! To lose a brother is to lose someone with whom you can share the experience of growing old, who is supposed to bring you a sister-in-law and nieces and nephews, creatures to people the tree of your life and give it new branches. ( 194 ) Point 2 – Orange Juice’s suffering to proportions Quotation- â€Å"She was beheaded. The neck wound was still bleeding. It was a horrible sight to the eyes and killing to the spirit. † ( 201 ) Point 3- Realizes his suffering is taking place in the middle of an ocean Quotation- â€Å"I saw my suffering for what it was, finite and insignificant, and I was still. My suffering did not fit anywhere, I realized. And I could accept this† (269) Argument C Point 1- No escape for poor Pi. Quotation- â€Å"Salt-water boils – red, angry, disfiguring – were a leprosy of the high seas, transmitted by the water that soaked me† ( 389 ) Point 2- Pi’s suffering drives him Quotation- â€Å"I ate some of his flesh. I mean small pieces, little strips that I meant for the gaff’s hook that, when dried by the sun, looked like ordinary animal flesh† ( 386 ) Point 3- Pi turns to God at one of the points of his Pacific crossing Quotation- â€Å"The lower you are, the higher your mind will want to soar. It was natural that, bereft as I was, in the throes of unremitting suffering, I should turn to God. † ( 428 ) How to cite Life of Pi, Essays Life of Pi Free Essays In the novel, â€Å"Life of Pi† the author Yann Martel tells a story within a story about Piscine Molitor who is also known as Pi. He is the protagonist and the dynamic character of story. In the chapters that confine the main story Pi is a timid middle-aged man and is deeply spiritual after learning the teachings of Hinduism, Catholicism, and Islam. We will write a custom essay sample on Life of Pi or any similar topic only for you Order Now He tells us about his childhood growing up in India as a son of a zoo keeper. He’s a vegetarian and he expresses his love for animals. Pi is a student of religion, zoology and is deeply interested by the characteristics of people and animals. Yet there is another side to Pi, and there is a constant switch between his thoughts and actions. Pi has learned about animal nature and its violent capabilities but it is not until he is faced with these circumstances. Not long after the ship sinks Pi and a tiger named Richard Parker are the only ones left on the lifeboat. Pi fears Richard Parker in some way but when he learns that his chances of survival are becoming very slim he uses his fear as a key to survival. Pi temporarily forgets all his other problems and manages through several courses to dominate Richard Parker. Pi The author uses indirect characterization to show how an awful position can bring out the worst in a man, and unexpected help in the most effective of animals. Pi becomes very quick and aggressive when it comes to finding and consuming food. I just didn’t have the time to consider what was before me. It either went into my mouth that instant or was lost to Richard Parker, who was pawing and stamping the ground and huffing impatiently on the edge of his territory. It came as unmistakable indication to me of how low I had sunk the day I had noticed, with a pinching of the heart, which I ate like an animal, that this noisy, frantic, unchewing wolfing-down of mine was exactly the way Richard Parker ate. † This compares t he close similarities between a man and an animal. How to cite Life of Pi, Essays Life of Pi Free Essays The novel itself is inclined with philosophy and how different kinds of religion affected the life of Piscine Molitor Patel (Pi), the narrator of the story. It started when Pi was in a ship with his family when a mysterious incident led the ship to sink in the ocean, leaving only Pi the human who survived the incident. Along with him are the different animals whom he had discourse and interaction with in the lifeboat. We will write a custom essay sample on Life of Pi or any similar topic only for you Order Now Things started to went somehow out of control when the hyena ate some fellow animals. Long after, the tiger itself fed on the hyena but managed not to attack Pi. The two, Pi and the tiger whose name in the story is Richard Parker, continued to survive together and managed to keep each other’s company. After a long time, they found an island with a strange algae-dominated form. Soon they discovered that the algae were deforming themselves into acids at night and there’s this strange fruit that has a human-like teeth in it. Pi concluded that the island is an organism that eats humans. With these view of things, Pi and Richard Parker left the strange island and arrived in Mexico. There they departed from each other after keeping each other’s company for 227 days. Pi went to the hospital and he was confined there. Two Japanese officials named Okamoto and Chiba visited him and interrogated him how the ship sank. He told them the stories about the animals and his stay with the tiger, Richard Parker. However, the two officials did not believe him. Then he told another story where he was in a ship with his mother, a cook and a Chinese sailor. This story was a disgusting one where the cook is someone who is barbaric in actions. Pi let the two Japanese officials choose whichever version of story they want and the latter chose the one with animals which they wrote a story with. Pi was engaged in the three major religions in the world namely Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam where his life was patterned. He clearly portrays a character who did not believe in religion as a whole but in conviction in one sense. Belief as a human necessity could be seen through Pi’s character where Pi is a representative of human divinity.[1] His life, as well as his activities, is associated with god/s. For him, everything is related to god/s. Or may I say that everything can be related to god/s. His personality here can be viewed as an attachment to a belief which creates a form of survival. This can be compared to what Emile Durkheim said in his research that those who are in a strong attachment, say Christianity, had a lesser probability of committing a suicide than those who are more individualistic. Moreover, a strong hold to a belief can lengthen one’s life because there is a definite belief that serves as a guide for a person throughout his/her life. On the other hand, Richard Parker was also able to sustain the coexistence between them (with Pi) by his animal instincts. Example for this is the search and hunt for food, which is one of the physiological needs of human in order to survive and to perform everyday life functions. With this is a concept of the survival of the fittest portrayed by the hyena and tiger where they ate their fellow animals in order to survive. The weakest being can not handle to live longer while the stronger ones are those that have the capacity to hunt and kill for their own benefit in order to live. Another manifestation of this survival is when Pi and Richard Parker was the only one who was alive and they managed to live longer in the strange island and to go to Mexico where their lives were more secured. Life of Pi was a unique combination of social reality and religion. According to the author Martel, it doesn’t matter which was believed the truth but that belief should be present. Truth is only a matter of understanding. What really exist are evidences of a history, whether it was true or not. It was we who give the definition of what the social construction of reality means. And what people believed to be the truth is a matter of collective approval. Approval of those in the dominate classes. In the novel, stories were given. How can one say which story is true and which one is not? Martel says that ‘the facts do not always constitute the importance in the experience’.[2] Thus, one can say that unreliable facts which are given to us. We are the ones who will decide what is true and what is not. â€Å"Life’s story is one’s own, and faith trumps factuality.† What really matters for the truth to exist is the belief of people on it. Without the belief, a truth can not be truth. Works Cited Martel, Yann. Life of Pi. Canada: Knopf Canada, 2001. [1] http://en.wikipedia.org [2] Ibid. How to cite Life of Pi, Essay examples

Explain clearly about Economic Environment of Starbucks Coffee

Question: Identify one specific organisation that you believe has been significantly affected by changes in the business environment since 2006. Explain clearly what the effects have been. Make sure you support your comments with referenced evidence drawn from appropriate sources these would include (but should not be restricted to) the ONS, the BBC (including the UK economy site), the Economist, Sky, one of the quality newspaper sites. You may of course also use company specific websites if that is appropriate. Answer: Introduction The UK recovery since 2009 has been relatively slows; and hence faster than most of the G7 economies (Starbucks Coffee Company 2016). Over the last couple of years most of the Britain citizens are affected by less extent of UK economy. In every articles and newspaper, people are use to see the practical impact of declination of economic conditions on many aspect of multi-national companies in UK like Starbucks Coffee. According to the report of Economic Freedom (UK), the regional ranking of UK in terms of economic environment is forth with an overall change of 0.6% (Cowling et al. 2015). But in the decade of 2003 to 2013, the economic rate of UK results a gradual decline of 3.2% of GDP and government borrowing of 3% (Heo and Ye 2016). The researcher has identified some of the prevailing economic environment business conditions in UK with the help of an instance of Starbucks Coffee. Economic Environment of a business The economic environment of a business implies several economic factors like inflation, rate of increase in interest rates, employment, productivity and etc. The economic environment of UK resulting from 2003 to 2013 financial crisis that created a phenomenal deal and fear among various multi national companies in UK. In the year 2010, the economical rate of UK results declination of GDP and increase a rate of inflation values (Bateman et al. 2014). According to the report of UK Economic Outlook, the current GDP growth of UK is 2.2% with second fastest growth rate in G7 and only 0.5% rate of inflation (Tredgett and Coad 2013). The four primary economic activity resources in the business market lies with the concept of Land, Labor, Capital and Enterprise. The main purpose of economic activity is to satisfy human wants and to produce goods and services. Overview of Starbucks Coffee Starbucks Coffee is the chain of Coffeehouse that serves a variety of Coffee and Non-Coffee beverages across worldwide with a featured food of Cakes and pastries. The company operated a licensed store of more than 17000 stores worldwide (Starbucks Coffee Company 2016). The company operated its products in more than 50 countries. The company main competitors are McDonalds, Dunkin Donuts and Caribou. Besides this, the company also took part in various social and environmental responsibilities with a manufacturing concept of recyclable and reusable cups (Mahobia and Jain 2015). Figure 1: Starbucks Coffee (Source: Starbucks.co.uk, 2016) In the mid year 2003-2013, the country suffers a declination of projected growth of 7.23% which results many global companies to lease its company shares for the GDP growth (Liu 2015). Various companies in UK including Starbucks Coffee suffer a great impact of economic conditions of business. The company growth rate results a decline of 2.3%, company sale declines to 9% simultaneously (Bowen and Sisson 2013). Not only, the companies but also several individuals and banks are affected by economic conditions because this results cuts in interest rate and rise of inflation of various services. Starbucks Coffee in relation with Economic Environment According to the report, Starbucks economic earnings have dropped 21% too far, $151 million to $110 million with a revenue rose to 12% (Tredgett and Coad 2013). In the economic environment, Starbucks is at its weakest in its company history. In the year 2010, the economic rate of UK was very poor which results Starbucks to cut down many jobs and stores; incurs a heavy loss in a economy growth. The economic impact of Starbucks is directly proportional to revenues, gross value added and employment. During the mid period of 2003 to 2012, the economic environment business conditions of UK was very worst which results Starbucks like companies to rely upon international suppliers (Lee 2013). Figure 2: Starbucks Coffee Economic Environment (Source: Jang and Jung 2013, pp-35) The expenditure of Starbucks gradually increases to 63% in 2011/12. Construction costs rises to 13% which results declinations of infrastructural area (Cowling et al. 2015). Starbucks is affected by the change of Business Environment The change of business environment in UK has been occurred since 2003 (Latif et al. 2014). It affects Land, Labor, Capital and Enterprise of an economy. After a huge economic recession occurred in the year 2003-2013, UK is recovering from a significant breakdown. The recession results UK to decline its GDP growth to 0.5% but in the year 2009; UK makes a fluent changes to 5.2% respectively (Cowling et al. 2015). Many researcher and analysts believe that the International Events such as Olympic helps in getting income influx. The table below has been created by the researcher itself; which highlights UK GDP growth, inflation rate and import and export percentage worldwide. Categories 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 2315 2246 2350 2430 2480 2550 2660 2784 2892 3012 Inflation (in %) -0.8 -5.2 1.7 1.1 0.1 1.3 1.9 1.7 2 2.2 Export (in %) 466.9 356.4 410 478 476 478 520 - - - Import (in %) 640 480 560 638 650 645 720 - - - Figure 3: Starbucks Coffee Business Environment Strategy (Source: Bateman et al. 2014, pp-280) Political and Economical changes affects Starbucks The political and economical changes affecting Starbucks includes inflation, high rise of interest rates, price discrimination and unemployment. In the year 2010, Starbucks had to close its two outlets globally which led many employees to flush down many jobs (Wetherly and Otter 2014). Rise of inflation led Starbucks consumers to switch off the company products by incurring other foreign brands products. High rate of interests affects many individuals and company customers. Market changes affects Starbucks Emerging Marketing Gaining Power: Over the last few years UK has been suffering from constant economic issue. As UK invests and trade among themselves; the economic rate declines to 3.5% in the year 2008 (Cowling et al. 2015). The bargaining power of many UK companies tends to decline 2% simultaneously. Starbucks faces a loss of $1 million in the year 2006 (Yu 2013). Technological Changes affects Starbucks As technology is emerging day-by-day, many companies adopt the advance and innovative technology to manipulate with market segmentation. In the period of recession (2011), Starbucks adopts a system of digital networks to make its online offerings expand. Additionally, as the company faces a substitute loss of 2.3% globally; the need of digital networks estimates a flop strategy; which led company to incur a premium loss (Smith and Waters 2015). The practice of employees working outside is hurting the job market. Additionally, a concept of active packaging in the year 2011 led company to hit the market share and results many stakeholders to withdraw the monetary values invested in technological sector (Starbucks Coffee Company 2016). Global Changes affects Starbucks Global Warming: Starbucks has noticed that the climate has been frequently changed in the year 2010 in UK because of extremes rise in sea and water levels. This constant change makes the Starbucks to work even harder for creating its traditional farming resources. In the year 2008, Starbucks sees scarcity of water as a sustainability threat. This unusable threat caused Starbucks to initiate and restore UK watershed by eliminating water to National Forest System. This led Starbucks to drive more water and energy to 50% (Cowling et al. 2015). Explanation of Starbucks Effects with the help of ONS The issue that Starbucks has faced is very rational. It depends on the country economy market segmentation. The effects include political, economical, market, technological and global issue of Starbucks. The detailed of those prevailing effects with the help of ONS is explained by the researcher. Figure 4: ONS System of Starbucks Coffee (Source: Bowen and Sisson 2013, pp-110) In the year 2003, the growth of GDP in second, third and fourth remain same; whereas in 2004, it gradually declines with a very low percentage. In 2004, the mid of quarter one has seen an immense performance of 3,70,000 (in $million) which was overall good. Suddenly, in the year of 2008 and 2009 the growth rate of GDP is declining simulaneously with reference to quarter one. In the consequetive year of 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, Starbucks economic growth rate remains constant with normal sales value. In the overall ONS graph sheet the highest rate of Starbucks reaches to 3,70,000 (in $million) and lowest rate of Starbucks eliminates to 3,00,000 (in $million). This enhances Starbucks performance of growth rate in economic environment of UK business. Conclusion This study investigates the political, economical, technological and global impact of Starbucks in UK. The company also impacted its economy through its procurement. The company apprenticeship, GDP growth and innovation help to enhance the supply chain management side of labor market outcomes. The economical condition of UK is increasing at a substantial rate after 2012. The current GDP growth of UK is 2.2% with second fastest growth rate in G7 and only 0.5% rate of inflation. This emerges a gradual success to UK economy with its rise in GDP growth level and control of inflation rates. Many companies are utilizing and manipulating its resources by adopting and maintaining advanced system in technological sector. The companies like Starbuck raise its labor power, revenue and sales from last five years globally and worldwide after recession period in UK. References Bateman, I.J., Harwood, A.R., Abson, D.J., Andrews, B., Crowe, A., Dugdale, S., Fezzi, C., Foden, J., Hadley, D., Haines-Young, R. and Hulme, M., 2014. Economic analysis for the UK national ecosystem assessment: synthesis and scenario valuation of changes in ecosystem services.Environmental and Resource Economics,57(2), pp.273-297. Bowen, S.A. and Sisson, D.C., 2013, March. Starbucks, Reputation Management, and Authenticity: A Case Study of Starbucks United Kingdom Tax Crisis # SpreadTheCheer Campaign. In16TH INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC RELATIONS RESEARCH CONFERENCE(p. 110). Cowling, M., Liu, W., Ledger, A. and Zhang, N., 2015. What really happens to small and medium-sized enterprises in a global economic recession? UK evidence on sales and job dynamics.International Small Business Journal,33(5), pp.488-513. Heo, U. and Ye, M., 2016. Defense Spending and Economic Growth around the Globe: The Direct and Indirect Link.International Interactions, (just-accepted). Jang, Y.J. and Jung, E.C., 2013. Studies on the Design Marketing Strategies in the Experiential Economy through the Case Study of the Starbucks Company. InDesign, User Experience, and Usability. Web, Mobile, and Product Design(pp. 30-36). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Kim, E., 2013.The role of social media in crisis communication-A case study of Starbucks(Doctoral dissertation, Texas State University-San Marcos). Latif, M., Gulzar, H., Bukhari, S.R. and Sameen, S.N., 2014. Starbucks sustained during economic crisis.International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting,4(1), p.307. Lawton Smith, H. and Waters, R., 2015. Regional synergies in Triple Helix regions: The case of local economic development policies in Oxfordshire, UK.Industry and Higher Education,29(1), pp.25-35. Lee, Y.C., 2013, July. The strategy of mission statement to build staff working value-A case study of Starbucks. InService Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM), 2013 10th International Conference on(pp. 487-489). IEEE. Liu, C.L., 2015. Internet Marketing Strategies and Customer Loyalty: A Case Study of Starbucks Coffee. Mahobia, H. and Jain, T.K., 2015. Starbucks: Adapting in the Indian Market.Indian Journal of Marketing,45(8), pp.37-47. Starbucks Coffee Company. (2016). Starbucks coffee shops Starbucks.co.uk [online] Available at: https://www.starbucks.co.uk/ [Accessed 29 Mar. 2016]. Tredgett, E. and Coad, A., 2013. The Shaky Start of the UK Small Business Research Initiative (SBRI) in Comparison to the US Small Business Innovation Research Programme (SBIR).Available at SSRN 2205156. Wetherly, P. and Otter, D., 2014.The business environment: themes and issues in a globalizing world. Oxford University Press. Yu, J., 2013. Promotion mix and consumer engagement on social networking sites: A cross-cultural case study of Starbucks Posts on Facebook (USA) and Kaixin (China).Quarterly Journal of Chinese Studies,2(1), p.1.

The iCult of Apple Essay Example

The iCult of Apple Paper I chose to write an article called â€Å"iCult† imitating the news magazine: Time, in light of the launch of Apples new iPhone. This written task ties in with the bandwagon effect we learned in part two of the course, â€Å"Language and Mass Communication† where we coveredâ€Å"Pop Culture. The purpose of this article is to explore the massive cult-like characteristic of Apple. The article talks about how the bandwagon effect is the key reason behind the domination of Apple over its adversaries. Because of the influence of pop culture, the consumers do not care about the pros and cons of the product itself, but just want to get on the bandwagon. I started off my article by titling it â€Å"iCult†. With the use of an â€Å"i† in front of words like â€Å"iCult†, â€Å"iSheep†, and â€Å"iProducts†, I tried to mimic the iconic style of Apple products’ names like the iPad and iPhone.This word play attracts the readers’ attention and helps to convey the concept. I have also included a subtitle in the beginning as all Time articles include one that acts as a thesis for the rest of the content. As I was writing for such a high-level and well prestige publication, I used complex sentences and formal choice of words likeâ€Å"adversaries†. This was applied to appeal to the Time magazines target audience, which mainly consist of the well-educated aristocrats. I also used questions and quotes like Time does to highlight the public’s opinion. My article is divided into short paragraphs to replicate the structure of magazines, unlike newspaper articles. The purpose of this is to keep the audience interested as the author covers an array of different subtopics. Time magazine’s articles are known to be objective, presenting the readers with an insight into both ends of the spectrums. We will write a custom essay sample on The iCult of Apple specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The iCult of Apple specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The iCult of Apple specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As the obsession and hype over Apple products continue to rise, the company is transforming into more and more of a cult-like religion. With the unveiling of the

Saying There Were in Spanish

Saying There Were in Spanish How do you say there were? Should you use habà ­a?  You may have  seen people on the Internet use habà ­an. Correct Uses of Habia and Habian Undoubtedly thats true. But youve also heard people in English use the word aint and use grammatically questionable sentences such as everybody should do their best and it dont matter. Yet youre unlikely to see textbooks use them as examples. In teaching grammar, most textbooks and this site place their emphasis on what is considered standard speech used by educated speakers. In practice, they tend to be even more conservative than that, using as examples what educated speakers use in formal writing. As a general rule in both Spanish and English, probably all languages, formal writing is more grammatically precise than spontaneous speech. To use the example you gave, almost all textbooks will tell you that the singular form of haber is used for both singular and plural contexts when haber is used existentially, that is, with meanings such as there are, there will be or there were. Thus the same word, hay, is used to mean there is and there are in sentences such as hay una silla (there is one chair) and hay tres sillas (there are three chairs). The rule is invariably followed in the present indicative; thus hay means either there is or there are. However, in practice the rule isnt always followed in the other tenses, especially in speech and casual writing, although usage varies by region. Thus it isnt unusual to hear or read sentence constructions such as habà ­an tres aviones (there were three airplanes) or habrn dos elecciones (there will be two elections), to use examples from recent Latin American news articles. As a foreigner, youre best off knowing and using the standard grammar until youre in an area long enough to pick up the local language peculiarities. Although habà ­an is far from a major grammatical offense, to use a nonstandard usage in an area where it isnt the norm could make you sound miseducated or excessively informal.

Chordates - Chordata - The Animal Encyclopedia

Chordates - Chordata - The Animal Encyclopedia Chordates (Chordata) are a group of animals that includes vertebrates, tunicates, lancelets. Of these, the vertebrates- lampreys, mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fishes- are the most familiar and are the group to which humans belong. Chordates are bilaterally symmetrical, which means there is a line of symmetry that divides their body into halves that are roughly mirror images of each other. Bilateral symmetry is not unique to chordates. Other groups of animals- arthropods, segmented worms, and echinoderms- exhibit bilateral symmetry (although in the case of echinoderms, they are bilaterally symmetrical only during the larval stage of their life cycle; as adults they exhibit pentaradial symmetry). All chordates have a notochord that is present during some or all of their life cycle. A notochord is a semi-flexible rod that provides structural support and serves as an anchor for the animals large body muscles. The notochord consists of a core of semi-fluid cells enclosed in a fibrous sheath. The notochord extends the length of the animals body. In vertebrates, the notochord is only present during the embryonic stage of development, and is later replaced when vertebrae develop around the notochord to form the backbone. In tunicates, the notochord remains present throughout the animals entire life cycle. Chordates have a single, tubular nerve cord that runs along the back (dorsal) surface of the animal which, in most species, forms a brain at the front (anterior) end of the animal. They also have pharyngeal pouches that are present at some stage in their life cycle. In vertebrates, pharyngeal pouches develop into various different structures such as the middle ear cavity, the tonsils, and the parathyroid glands. In aquatic chordates, the pharyngeal pouches develop into pharyngeal slits which serve as openings between the pharyngeal cavity and the external environment. Another characteristic of chordates is a structure called the endostyle, a ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx that secretes mucus and traps small food particles that enter the pharyngeal cavity. The endostyle is present in tunicates and lancelets. In vertebrates, the endostyle is replaced by the thyroid, an endocrine gland located in the neck. Key Characteristics The key characteristics of chordates include: notochorddorsal tubular nerve cordpharyngeal pouches and slitsendostyle or thyroidpostnatal tail Species Diversity More than 75,000 species Classification Chordates are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Chordates are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Lancelets (Cephalochordata) - There are about 32 species of lancelets alive today. Members of this group have a notochord that persists throughout their entire life cycle. Lancelets are marine animals that have long narrow bodies. The earliest known fossil lancelet,Yunnanozoon,  lived about 530 million years ago  during the Cambrian Period. Fossil lancelets were also found in the famous fossil beds of the Burgess Shale in British Columbia.Tunicates (Urochordata) - There are about 1,600 species species of tunicates alive today. Members of this group include sea squirts, larvaceans and thaliaceans. Tunicates are marine filter-feeders, most of which live a sessile life as adults, attached to rocks or other hard surfaces on the seafloor.Vertebrates (Vertebrata) - There are about 57,000 species of vertebrates alive today. Members of this group include lampreys, mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fishes. In vertebrates, the notochord is replaced during development by multiple ver tebrae that make up the backbone. Sources Hickman C, Robers L, Keen S, Larson A, IAnson H, Eisenhour D. Integrated Principles of Zoology 14th ed. Boston MA: McGraw-Hill; 2006. 910 p. Shu D, Zhang X, Chen L. Reinterpretation of Yunnanozoon as the earliest known hemichordate. Nature.  1996;380(6573):428-430.

US History--The US Constitution finely crafted blueprint or unwieldy Essay

US History--The US Constitution finely crafted blueprint or unwieldy compromise - Essay Example The Congress is the legislative branch, the President heads the executive and the judiciary comprises the judicial branch. The US Constitution implements the separation of powers; thereby preventing concentration of power in any particular branch of government. These three branches depend upon each other, for their functioning; and prevent any particular branch from becoming more powerful than the others (U.S.COURTS n.d.). George Washington organized a convention in Philadelphia, in order to draft the Constitution. However, disagreements between the members resulted in a stalemate. At that juncture, Roger Sherman proposed the Great Compromise, whereby, Congress was to comprise of two houses, namely the Senate and the House of Representatives. There was to be equal representation in the Senate for all the states, with two Senators from each state; and the state legislature was to select their representatives. This proposal was accepted by all the states; and representation in the House of Representatives was to be decided on the basis of the population in each state. It was proposed that there would be a representative for every thirty thousand individuals, which was favorable for the states with a large population. This Constitutional Convention was ratified by the delegates in July 1787 (The Great Compromise n.d.). While some of the delegates opposed slavery, others were greatly in its favor. This resulted in a compromise, and such compromises promoted experimentation in self government, which exists even today (Rediscovering George Washington. The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise 2002). However, most of the thirteen larger states were desirous of retaining their power, including their power to impose taxes to raise state funds. Moreover, there was no national conscience among the people at that time, who favored their own states and ignored the nation as a whole. This absence of national spirit

The CEO's Private Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The CEO's Private Investigation - Essay Example Cheryl was coming into the company from their rival Boeing and she had heard some rumors while at Boeing about their being some shady dealings while the previous CEO, Jim Rawlings had been in office.   Based on the rumors, Cheryl began to ask her assistant if she knew of anything that has transpired before she came on board.   The assistant was hesitant at first but finally, let Cheryl know that she had suspicions about a file that Mr. Rawlings did not let her file for him.   She was surprised because he had not done this before and trusted her with all of his files except for this one. Cheryl felt as if this was enough to go on and she wanted to find out if there truly was something shady going on within the company. She went to her rival for the job first and asked him some questions but he did not admit nor deny anything. He indicated that it would be a lot of trouble to find out and maybe she should let it go. Cheryl was not satisfied with this response and went to speak wi th the general counsel of the company. The general counsel basically told her that if she did pursue it and there was nothing to pursue she would look bad. He also said that if she did not pursue it and something was wrong she would look bad. The only way she would look good was if she pursued the issue and there was actually something to find. But the way that she even thought something was going on was based on rumors. The issue here is whether or not Cheryl Todd should pursue the rumor that something might have been shady within the company. On the one hand, she is going on a rumor and not fact. She herself is not privy to any information that would suggest something is or was going on while Jim Rawlings was the CEO. Hank Bodine, her rival for the position, indicated that if she pursued this, she would come across as someone that would be trying to sabotage the company from within. Although this is not Cheryl’s intentions, she would have a hard time proving that she was no t trying to jeopardize the company or Jim Rawlings’ name if she launched an investigation and nothing came of it.

Computer Systems Essay Example for Free

Computer Systems Essay

The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: News Media Fantasy versus Reality Essay

Abstract: The purpose of this research paper was to investigate the news media’s depiction of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. The coverage provided by the newspapers was compared to that of scientific journals to access their validity and insight. The reactions the coverage evoked on the public were also studied. The paper specifically addressed the media’s portrayal of the oil company versus that of environmental groups. It was found that the news media did not include the benefits the oil company had had on the people and economy of Alaska. It was also found that up until 1989, many Alaskans were opposed to environmental groups. Next, the paper followed the role the media played on the public’s emotions and subsequent government policy. In addition, the use of exaggerated statistics in the wake of the spill are examined and corrected. Finally, the debate over the recovery of the area is tackled. And while the debate remains open, the apparent discrepancies in data are discussed.       Introduction: On March 27, 1989 the supertanker Exxon Valdez ran ashore in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling approximately 11 million gallons of crude oil. The oil soon spread into the waters of south-central Alaska from the sound of Kodiak Island to the Kenai Peninsula (refer to Figure 1 for a map of the area). Almost immediately, news media arrived at the site reporting images of oil-stained beaches and wildlife to the masses. News coverage centered around the environmental devastation which would result from the spill. The coverage, for the most part, reinforced stereotypes of Alaska, as a pristine wilderness and Exxon as a greedy, irresponsible oil company. These images stressed the negative consequences of the spills and ignored ... ...nd, Alaska. The Condor 102 (4), 723-737. Lance, B. K., Irons, D. B., Kendall, S. J., and McDonald, L. L. (2001) An evaluation of marine bird population trends following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prine William Sound, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 (4) 298-309. Leo, Roger. â€Å"Spill is a Slipery Subject; Ten Years Later, Exxon Won’t Admit the Disaster Continues.† Worcester Telegram & Gazette [Worester, MA.] 28 March 1999: D12. Leo, Roger. â€Å"Still Paying Price for Exxon Spill; Some Species Continue to Suffer.†Worcester Telegram & Gazette [Worester, MA.] 30 April 2000: D9 Shabecoff, Philip. â€Å"U.S. Asks Exxon for $20 Million to Access Spill Damage in Alaska.†New York Times [New York] 18 January 1990: B4. Wiens, J. A. (1996) Oil, seabirds, and science: the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. BioScience 46 (8) 587-598.

Chinese Cinderella Essay

From your reading of ‘Chinese Cinderella’ what do you find out about Chinese culture and tradition? ‘Chinese Cinderella’ is an autobiography written by Adeline Yen Mah which tells us about her childhood up to the age of fourteen years. This autobiography tells us what happened and Adeline’s experiences throughout her childhood. By reading this autobiography it has given me an idea about different culture and traditions of China. Whilst reading ‘Chinese Cinderella’ I found that women would have their feet bound because men preferred to marry women who had small feet even if it meant the women had ‘life-long arthritis’. For women to be considered feminine you would have to carry out this act. ‘If you had large unbound feet, no man would marry you,’ which tells us that the women carried out this action for men to marry them. The result to foot binding was ‘long-life arthritis’ so that you would be noticed by men. The writer made foot binding in our eyes by writing such word and sentences as ‘swaying as if her toes had been partly cut off. This shows us that Nai Nai could not walk properly and shows us how much pain she had to go through. In this book, it expresses to us how horrid and painful foot binding was. By reading ‘Chinese Cinderella’ I got to know how painful this custom was by ‘Nai Nai’ having to come to Adeline walking very slowly and ‘hobbling’ towards her. I China it is also a tradition in some families for arranged marriages to take place and especially at a young age and to someone who the child does not know. When ‘Big Sister’s’ wedding was taking place, Adeline feared that she might be forced into an arranged marriage. ‘When I get to be seventeen, I sure don’t want to be taken out of school to marry someone I’ve just met! Especially when he is much older than me!’ This also shows that the groom may be ‘twice her age’ and yet the bride will have to accept the marriage. In China, girls were not thought of much and did not have much say; ‘I’m terrified they’ll force me into having an arranged marriage like Big Sister’s’. This indicates the horror which Chinese girls think in China about arranged marriages. This quote is from Adeline Yen Mah showing her anxiety on this matter and her longing not to be forced to get married to a stranger. The females in China are treated very differently compared to the males in mostly all the activities and challenges such as education because females are thought of being a ‘despised daughter’. In China the females are thought as having a lower status than males. In the schools in China, for entertainment, they often play shuttlecock which is also know as badminton and this game is played by many other people in different countries i.e. in England. In China a game called Majong was popular and was played by Adeline’s aunt, ‘Aunt Baba’. In 1911 there was a revolution and the imperial Manchu court in Beijing was abolished. Sun Yat-Sen became president and proclaimed China a republic. The public of China still remembered him because he was a famous politician figure. In schools the students would often remember and recite Sun Yat-Sen last testament. I learnt a bit about the history of China from reading ‘Chinese Cinderella’ that in December 1941 when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbour the United States of America became involved in the Second World War. ‘Many of the streets around our house were named after dead French heroes or catholic saints’ This shows the power that the French had over the Chinese people that they could change the street names. The French people would ‘bark’ out orders in their language and expect them, the Chinese people, to understand, so at the same time, the schools in China, taught the children the alphabet and numbers in French. Many years ago, China lost the opium war which lead to many coastal cities such as Tianjin and shanghai occupied by foreign soldiers. This mixed the Chinese and French culture and many mixed marriages took place such as Niang’s. The Japanese ruled most of China including the city of Tianjin where Adeline grew up. Because the Japanese had a strong power on China, the Chinese people were afraid of the Japanese. If you went passed a Japanese soldier with out bowing down to them they would tend to ‘punish’ you by beating you. In August 1945, America dropped a bomb on Japan and this ended the Second World War. America became the new conqueror. This also mixed the Chinese and American culture by, for example, having bacon and eggs for breakfast. In Buddhist families, it is their culture and custom for Buddhist funerals to take place when someone dies. Usually the Buddhist monks are dressed in ‘long robes’. Occasionally, when someone dies, the monks would pray for that person. ‘All night while listening to the monks praying and watching their shining bald heads in the flickering candle-light’. They also light incense sticks. ‘The smell of incense’ would often permeate the air. The funeral would tend to take place a day after the death. The coffin is usually ‘draped with white sheets and placed on a hearse pulled by four men’ and the people who attended this event are usually dressed in ‘white robes and white handbags for the boys and white ribbons for the girls’. It is a Chinese tradition to ‘absorb the traditional hundred-day religious mourning-period’ for the deceased. I found out that the Buddhist monks use to have shaved bald heads. I also found out the type of clothes which are worn on certain occasions such as New Years Day. On New Years Day, the common people would tend to wear ‘loose-fitting Chinese long gowns with a traditional mandarin collar and cloth buttons’ and the rich would usually tend to dress in ‘western-style suits’. In ‘Big Sister’s’ wedding in ‘Chinese Cinderella’, Big Sister wore a ‘Beautiful pink qipao and silver shoes’ which is Chinese style clothing. ‘The room was filled with masses of fresh flowers, and the Chinese character for double happiness was outlined in red blooms against the wall’. This shows that although the people wore western clothes so that they would be considered of a higher class, Chinese characters were still used in gatherings. The groom wore a tuxedo which was different to ‘Big Sister’s’ Chinese wedding dress. This shows that in Chinese culture and traditions, only upper class people would wear western style clothing and the lower class would wear traditional Chinese clothing. I found out many different types of dishes which are eaten by the Chinese in everyday life. The Chinese culture also involves food such as duck which is eaten a lot by Chinese people. They also eat teaeggs, dragon balls which is a type of fruit, rice, spring rolls, tofu with minced pork and peanuts, stewed duck with leak and on special occasions, such as New Years Day, they would treat themselves in eating salted duck. They also eat dumplings which is stuffed pork, chives and spring onions. For refreshments they drink cold tea. When it is the Chinese New Year, in China it was a holiday not only for children but also for adults. When it is the Chinese New Year everybody gets to wear new clothes and eat special dishes such as salted duck. ‘A tailor had come to our house to measure everyone for new outfits’. Whilst reading ‘Chinese Cinderella’ I found that Chinese words are little characters. The Chinese language does not have an alphabet and when they write Chinese, they write with a brush using ink which is generally made out of charcoal. ‘I placed some water in the receptacle of my stone writing-table, grinding a stick of charcoal against its moistened flat surface to make fresh ink’. From my reading of ‘Chinese Cinderella’ I got to know that rickshaws are the traditional transport used by the people in China. Rickshaws were used by many people whether rich or poor and still being used at present. From my reading of ‘Chinese Cinderella’ I found that the street life in china is very busy. Motor cars, trams, rickshaws, Pedi cabs and bicycles whizzed by’. In China the roads are so busy and the vehicles are travelling at such a fast speed that the people of China sometimes fear their lives when they cross the street. This shows that there is a large population in China, and these kinds of road rages tend to take place in a country where there is a large population. ‘I kept walking but dared not cross the road’. On the streets of China there are many stalls and shops which sell different things such as crickets in cages, spring rolls, tea eggs and they also provide services such as ear wax extractor, letter-writing, hair cuts and dental care. The streets of China are not safe and especially not for a little girl such as Adeline. ‘Doesn’t she know it’s dangerous for a little girl your age to be hanging around on the street like this?’. In China, the rich, wealthy people employed maids, cooks, chauffeurs and rickshaw pullers. This all depends on their social standing. ‘Ye Ye employed seven maids, a cook, a chauffeur and a rickshaw- puller’. Out of respect, the younger brothers or sisters in a family would not call their older brothers or sisters by their first names. They would refer to them and call them names such as ‘Fourth Brother’ or ‘Little Sister’. In the Chinese language, ‘Ye Ye’ is Chinese for grandfather and ‘Nai Nai’ is Chinese for grandmother. ‘Now say goodbye to your Ye Ye’. I found that Adeline’s father wanted to send Adeline to a private school and she did where she learnt English but yet at home they still speak Chinese and kept the Chinese culture although they wore western clothes. From my reading of ‘Chinese Cinderella’ I read that poor people in China use to be so desperate for money that they used to sell their children for a better future. ‘The child had a large placard hanging around her neck on which was written ‘my name is Feng San-San. I am for sale.†. Adeline was from a rich family and yet she has to dress in clothes which poor people would wear because she was the child of a woman who had died and was now living with her stepmother. Adeline would not receive any new clothes to wear even on special occasions. Her stepmother’s children ‘were already ‘special’ from the moment of their birth’ and they received many new clothes. Paper was invented in China and the Chinese stories were collected and printed into books. The Chinese were inventive and carried out most of their traditions. Conclusion ‘Chinese Cinderella’ is not only a book about a deprived daughter called Adeline who was neglected by her father but it also gave me a flavour of Chinese life way of life. This book gave me an inside view of Chinese life during the 1940’s.

Agar Jelly Experiment Report

Aim: To find out the speed of diffusion in agar jelly, when there are three blocks of jelly of different sizes. Material: A container with agar jelly, safety goggle, knife, ruler, stop watch, a glass plate, sodium hydroxide, an indicator. Method: First, we took the block of agar jelly from the container. We placed it onto the glass plate, and took our knife and ruler. We measured and cut the block, making three cubes of different measurements. The smallest one is 1cm by 1cm by 1cm, the second one is 2cm by 2cm by 2cm, and the biggest one is 3cm by 3cm by 3cm. We then dropped a few drops of the indicator. Next, we put our safety goggles on, and took the beaker full of sodium hydroxide, and poured it into the glass plate, which the cubes are in. At the same time, we started the stop watch. We saw everything, the cubes, sodium hydroxide turn pink (that's because sodium hydroxide reacted with the indicator). When the stop watch showed 5 minutes, we took the cubes, and cut all of them in half. Then we measured the distance from the surface, to the line where the pink and the white color separate, like on the diagram, using our ruler. We recorded what we saw, and the results. Results: We saw the cubes turn pink, and the sodium hydroxide turn pink on the plate. We also saw, when we cut the cubes that the pink color travelled into the cube, and we saw that at a certain point, there was the separation of pink from the surface, to white, the color of agar jelly. Like I said, we measured the distance between the surface to where the separation line of pink and white color was. This is what we got: 1cm*1cm*1cm 4mm 2cm*2cm*2cm 4mm 3cm*3cm*3cm 4mm Although they were all 4mm, we saw that the smallest cube was almost completely diffused, almost everything was pink. And we saw that the biggest cube was not at all completely diffused; most of it was white inside the cube. Speed of Diffusion=Distance/Time 4mm/5minutes=0.8mm/minute Conclusions: From this experiment, I learned these things: Firstly, I learned that the pink color traveled into the cube, because of diffusion. Diffusion is when particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. So in this experiment, the sodium hydroxide diffused from the high concentrated area (which is the surface of the cube, as sodium hydroxide was poured onto the cube) to low concentrated area (inside the cube). I also learned that even if you change the volume, or the surface area of the agar jelly, the speed in diffusion doesn't change. As you can see from the results, no matter the size of the cube, the sodium hydroxide diffused at the same speed. The speed of diffusion can be calculated by distance/time. In this experiment, we saw that the distance which the sodium hydroxide traveled was 4mm, and the time we used was 5 minutes. So, 4mm/5min= 0.8mm/minute. Because the speed doesn't change, the smaller the cube, the faster it'll get completely diffused. From this experiment, I can expect that 1cm*1cm*1cm cube jelly will be completely diffused in 6minutes 15seconds, because 1cm/0.8mm*2=6.25min. (times 2 because it diffused from the top and the bottom). In the same way, I calculated that 2cm*2cm*2cm cubed jelly will be completely diffused in 12.5minutes and 3cm*3cm*3cm jelly in 18.75minutes. You can see that 2cm*2cm*2cm jelly will take twice as much time as 1cm cubed one and 3cm*3cm*3cm jelly will take three times as much time as the 1cm cubed block.

Female Foeticide Essay Example

Female Foeticide Essay Example Female Foeticide Essay Female Foeticide Essay Work is worship means that all labour, manual or otherwise, is full of dignity and nobility. It equals work with prayer. It emphasizes the point that empty verbal prayers are not as valuable as real achievement in any fields. Many people in the present generation, however, have a mistaken idea that manual labor is undignified. The higher and the middle classes in our country are apt to look down upon the manual work done by the poorer classes to earn their daily bread.Though in these hard days when the struggle for existence is getting keener and keener, the old ideas about respectability are fast giving place to new ones, yet educated young men are still very slow in appreciating the dignity of labour. They would rather starve than earn their living by honest labour by taking to humble pursuits like dairy-farming, poultry farming etc. , in which illiterate people have so far been generally engaged. Now, when we talk of dignity of labour, we mean manual work such as has to be done by the cultivator, the artisan or the craftsman.But why should physical labour be regarded as less respectable than mental labour? Is not the very production of food we eat dependant on the hard and tough labour of the farmers? such is the hold of customs and old practices in our society that the man who works continually day and night, in sun and rain, to produce the corn which keeps us alive, is looked down as mere labour by the self-styled higher classes. In the western countries, people do recognise the dignity of labour. There is no servant class in the West. The people of the higher classes, ladies and gentlemen, have to do their household work themselves.They do not feel offended in doing this. It is only in countries like India that this theory has to be continually preached. There are many people in our country who consider it beneath their dignity to do their own purchases from the market or brush their own shoes or wash their own clothes. Such a false idea of dignity is not only foolish but is also positively harmful in the sense that it shows a mentality that makes us despise the so-called lower classes who serve us. No profession by itself is high and low, dignified and undignified.It is the way in which we pursue it, that makes it sacred or otherwise. Ever since the beginning of history man has been struggling hard to improve his lot. He has fought against the forces of nature all these centuries. And he has already controlled or conquered many of these forces. He has toiled hard and suffered a lot. He has done very heavy tasks, although hard physical labour is not considered respectable. Again, the achievements of science in various fields are the fruits of continued human effort. Man, a small weak creature, is today the master of the world. Why? Because he has worked hard.He has never remained satisfied with what he has achieved. He has always gone on advancing into new fields. His spirit of enquiry is unlimited. he has solved numberless difficul t problems, he has increased his spiritual and mental powers. How has he done this? By constant work. The modern man cannot give up the world. His method of prayer is different. Old religions cannot satisfy him. They cannot solve his problems. So the new religion that he follows is that of worshiping through work. All labour is regarded as dignified in the present age in every progressive country of the world.

Electroplating Definition and Uses

Electroplating Definition and Uses Electroplating is a process where a coating of metal is added to a conductor using electricity via a reduction reaction. Electroplating is also known simply as plating or as electrodeposition.When a current is applied to the conductor to be coated, metal ions in solution are reduced onto the electrode to form a thin layer. Brief History of Electroplating Italian chemist Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli is credited as the inventor of modern electrochemistry in 1805. Brugnatelli used the voltaic pile invented by Alessandro Volta to perform the first electrodeposition. However, Brugnatellis work was suppressed. Russian and British scientists independently invented deposition methods that came into use by 1839 to copper plate printing press plates. In 1840, George and Henry Elkington were awarded patents for electroplating. Englishman John Wright discovered potassium cyanide could be used as an electrolyte to electroplate gold and silver. By the 1850s, commercial processes for electroplating brass, nickel, zinc, and tin were developed. The first modern electroplating plant to start production was the Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg in 1867. Uses of Electroplating Electroplating is used to coat a metal object with a layer of a different metal. The plated metal offers some benefit that the original metal lacks, such as corrosion resistance or desired color. Electroplating is used in jewelry making to coat base metals with precious metals to make them more attractive and valuable and sometimes more durable. Chromium plating is done on vehicle wheel rims, gas burners, and bath fixtures to confer corrosion resistance, enhancing the life expectancy of the parts.

Oedipus Rex Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oedipus Rex - Assignment Example At the opening of the play, while the proximate event in the prophecy that Oedipus will murder his father being made known to Laius proceeds to the king’s action of casting out his son, the occurrence of the plague in Thebes makes the long-term event. Because of the plague itself, Oedipus necessitates to carry out a thorough investigation in determining the principal cause of the plague. The plague which the Thebes is stricken by is due to the unresolved case of the murdered Laius, king of Thebes and Creon figures out through the oracle that the plague’s precipitating dramatic event will dissolve the moment that the murderer is exiled from Thebes. Jocasta’s brother Creon expresses abnegation of kingship after the death of Laius for the sole reason that he finds no interest in ruling and the responsibility of freeing the city from the Sphinx. He feels less able to drive the plague away from Thebes so he proposes to offer the crown as well as his sister to anyone who bears the potential of answering the Sphinx’s riddle for he appears short of competence in this area. In the end, however, Creon becomes king on the ground that the sons of Oedipus Eteocles and Polynices contending for the throne die of slaying each